To read the narrative and see further sections under each listed heading, as well as view the resources, Web sites, and lessons for this complete chapter, please see "More," below.

Definitions of Urbanism
Historically, it was relatively easy to define the differences between urban and rural settlements, because cities were surrounded by walls. The removal of the walls and the rapid territorial expansion of cities during the modern period, as well as the changing nature of agriculture, have blurred the distinction between the physical differences between cities and urban areas.

Origin and Evolution of Cities
Industrialization is frequently considered as the replacement of farming and resource extraction by manufacturing and service activity. This transition takes different forms in different places at different times. Geographies of industrialization and economic development are important in understanding future growth patterns.

Functional Character of Contemporary Cities
Changing demographics and the changing employment mix greatly affect the character of contemporary cities.

Built Environment and Social Space
Transportation, infrastructure, political organization, and locational decisions impact patterns of settlement and segregation.

Lessons for Chapter VII
Four lessons for Chapter VII.

Resources for Chapter VII
Expand the scope and breadth of the chapter through additional experts, sources, and publications.