For eastern Africa, the nineteenth century was truly a "Century of Ironies." The region was integrated into the world economy, but little real economic development occurred. At the core of this lesson is Zanzibar's commercial transformation, a process highly dependent on the trade in ivory, slaves, and cloves. The expansion of long-distance trade over a vast hinterland enabled this transformation. Omani rulers funneled trade from the interior through Zanzibar. Themes
Many themes of the Atlantic world recur in that of the Indian Ocean, although the timing is different. Plantation slavery, anti-slavery efforts, mercantile versus industrial capital, and the nature of the African diaspora in the Americas invite comparison with their counterparts in Arabia, India, East Africa, and Mauritius.
  Themes

Objectives and Teaching Strategies
Student objectives include skills, content, and critical thinking.
  Objectives and Teaching Strategies

Part 1: The Indian Ocean World of the Late Eighteenth Century
This was a world of sailing ships, large ocean-going dhows, and smaller coasting vessels. The monsoon wind system still facilitated and constrained maritime trade in the Indian Ocean basin, just as it had for two millennia.
  Part 1: The Indian Ocean World of the Late Eighteenth Century

Part 2: Zanzibar's Commercial Empire: 1800 to 1880
Zanzibar's major exports were ivory, slaves, and eventually cloves, but the real "engine" of its transformation was the continuous growth of ivory exports. A very rapid rise in the British demand for ivory in the Bombay market boosted trade between India and the East African ports.
  Part 2: Zanzibar's Commercial Empire: 1800 to 1880

Part 3: Caravans and the Impact of Long-Distance Trade
The caravan trade of the nineteenth century opened up the interior, bringing many African peoples into the world economy as suppliers of ivory or slaves or producers of food or local products that provisioned caravans.
  Part 3: Caravans and the Impact of Long-Distance Trade

Part 4: Slavery, the Slave Trade, Abolition, and Ironic Consequences
Enslavement always entails the painful separation of persons from their homes and communities. The new lives that slaves make for themselves, insofar as they are permitted to do so, are shaped by prevailing norms where they reside.
  Part 4: Slavery, the Slave Trade, Abolition, and Ironic Consequences

Part 5: The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean
What happened to Africans who entered the Indian Ocean basin during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? They either lived and died as slaves, or they were manumitted or freed. In any case, in most places it was more possible for them to form stable communities than in the plantation-dominated Atlantic world.
  Part 5: The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean

Appendices
  Appendix 1: Discussion Questions
  Appendix 2: Recommended Reading
  Appendix 3: Glossary
  Appendix 4: Notes on Places and Peoples
  Appendix 5: Timeline
  Appendix 6: Web Work and Other Activities